Education in fragile countries

Thursday Feb. 27th, I went to hear a “Conversation” at the The Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat on Sussex Drive. The conversation was called Education at the Margins: Reaching Children in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States.

Here's a summary of the notes I took; I've been asked to report back to the Ottawa-CFUW UWHAW group later this week. Only three UWHAW members were at the event but the others are bound to be interested. I'm restricting my report to the points relevant to Afghanistan, though several other parts of the world were mentioned during the discussion.

A force for transformation

The event was introduced by Khalil Shariff, CEO of the Aga Khan Foundation: "The Aga Khan said this morning [on Parliament Hill in Ottawa] that education has a great transformative potential and is a force for pluralism and peace, especially in an environment of conflict."

Lois Brown, M.P., mentioned in her speech at the event that the P.M. had just signed a "protocol of understanding" with the Aga Khan. She said, “Canada has been among the top donors to Afghanistan, and education remains one of Canada’s largest sectors of investment in the country. It accounts for 25 percent of our development budget there."

Sharif Ghalib

Diane Jacovella, Vice-President, Multilateral and Global Programs at the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, initiated the panel’s conversation by asking Sharif Ghalib, Senior Political Advisor and Deputy Chief of Mission at the Embassy of Afghanistan, to speak first.

"The importance of education is immeasurable," he said. "It is a vital tool for unlocking potential and for the evolution of mankind. Over 60% of Afghanistan’s population is made up of girls and women under the age of 30, who face overwhelming challenges." He said that education is "a powerful force for transformation that has an immense effect on improving health and gender equality and enabling peace." In 2001 less than a million children––and no girls!––went to school. Over 10 million children are now in school in Afghanistan, 41% of them girls, and this is a “prerequisite for peace.”

Investment in the future

Alice Albright

Alice Albright, CEO of the Global Partnership for Education said that the work of the Afghanistan government has been “truly heroic.” Teaching people to read will reduce extreme poverty by 12% in fragile countries, therefore governments should invest in education. Education teaches people that there are other ways to interact than with violence. She said that the government of Afghanistan “needs no reminder” of the importance of education for girls. She was there last summer and says that the international community “cannot leave” now, but did complain of what she called “turfiness” (i.e. a tendency to say: Keep off my turf!) among the NGOs. This must change.

Sharif Ghalib knows that there are long-term repercussions to what we do now. He felt that the more the Afghan people can get an education, the smaller the likelihood of insurgency. In some of the remote areas with a lack of access to schooling the population is “totally gripped by despair” and this provides fertile ground for terrorists to recruit their suicide bombers.

David Morley

David Morley, President of UNICEF Canada, believes that schools can be peace building institutions. (But he has visited a Taliban controlled area [of Pakistan] and seen the ruins of many schools there.) UNICEF feels that there has to be consideration of people’s future livelihoods as well.

Protecting the girls at school

In her speech, Lois Brown said that quality education for children in safe and secure schools is “a building block we cannot afford to ignore.”

Diane Jacovella asked what could be done about the safety and security of children going to school in Afghanistan.

Sharif Ghalib spoke of his country's “gloomy past.” Insurgency lingers; low-intensity fighting has never gone away and takes its toll on basic services. There are limits as to where you can build new houses and schools. However, the international community has come to the rescue, and Afghanistan has benefitted from global solidarity and the long held consensus that things must change.

Alice Albright pointed out that we need to work with the parents to make them see the point of their children’s education, especially if there’s a choice between sending their children to school and sending them to work. But you also need a proper infrastructure, with schools not too far to reach on foot, with adequate washroom facilities for girls, security from harassment, etc. The GPE will help to fund these things. 

Structure and planning

David Morley recently met a Syrian refugee girl who had forgotten how to read. UNICEF has initiated the “No Lost Generation” campaign, also relevant to Afghanistan. He also spoke about the choice of a curriculum being "highly political." He added that there’s a need for both “hardware and software” in education, i.e. investment in teacher training as well as in the buildings. Secondary (“quality education”) as well as primary education in these countries has to be a shared goal.

Sharif Ghalib told us that the Afghanistan government is now insisting on a nationwide education system with a common curriculum.

Alice Albright pointed out that what you don’t measure you can’t manage. There needs to be an investment in tools that define the target outcomes and in data management. This is the new focus of the GPE. She said that the focus in future has to be on tertiary education, and in general there must be a “holistic approach.” 

Diane Jacovella, summing up, said that we need to be ambitious, we need to protect children, we need to foster a true partnership between all the players, we need to shift the outcomes and measure what we do.

Emerging leaders

At the end of February, the Aga Khan Foundation Canada invited all the people on their mailing list to "... a public conversation: Women Leading Change - Perspectives from Canada and the World" at the The Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat on Sussex Drive. A decent number of men were present, despite the subject matter.

Chaired by the high profile journalist and human rights activist Sally Armstrong, the ambitious theme of the discussion was how women leaders around the world are hoping "to achieve women's equality at the deepest level in societies, resulting in enduring peace and prosperity for all." Appearing with her were Jeannette Corbiere Lavell, President of the Native Women's Association of Canada ("the toughest job in Canada today!"), Linda Jones, Director of the Coady Institute's International Centre for Women's Leadership, Josephine Ndambuki (who impressed me with her presence and articulate way of speaking)––a founder of the League of Young Professionals of Kenya, and Shruti Upadhyay of Christian Aid, India, the latter two ladies also being involved in the Coady "Igniting Leadership" programme, which was launched last year with funding from CIDA. It seems there is a great "hunger" for this course. For 16 places at the institute, 420 applications were received, mostly from Africa.

Sally A. opened the conversation. She has been sensing for the last 18 months that something is happening in the world: where women's issues are concerned, we're at a tipping point, she told us. For thousands of years women have had to survive oppression and trickery (often in the name of religion) and now a seismic change is occurring. She used the phrases "end game," "dawning of revolution," "clarion call." She quoted Jeffrey Sachs' claim that the status of women in a country is directly related to the economy of that country. "Where one is flourishing so is the other."

Here on the podium were some examples of female leadership. What (in their opinion) made a successful leader?

The answers they gave: having a vision, having a sense of responsibility and purpose and identity, dogged persistence, equality with the men, being rooted in and supported by one's community. The network, collective leadership, was more worthwhile than a focus on any one, individual "hero[ine]." You need information, you need confidence, you need pride in your team.

Sally A. said, women are generally more interested in peace than in owning a piece of turf.

Linda J. said, people must be drivers of their own development. Hitherto, aid agencies have been too patronising. Systemic change is more important than handouts.

Josephine N. said that one's cultural heritage can be challenged. In Kenya, she forces people to see traditional practices harmful to women from a health perspective, challenging the old superstitions with hard facts. If we follow the witchcraft, she says, we all perish! But it takes time to change people's minds. Josephine seems to have co-opted the Kenyan National Rugby Team to help with her campaign to change entrenched attitudes in her country. The rugby players have become her ambassadors, she said, role models, showing that it's possible to be a "real man" without indulging in violence against women.

Dr. Simar of Afghanistan was quoted: what makes you think that if you share your rights you lose your rights? (This was a question aimed at Afghan men.)

Shruti U. reminded us that there are male leaders in some countries "acting in the name of God" to oppress the womenfolk. In the established Indian religions there is no equal status between men and women, she said. Working women in developing countries tend to hide their income from their husbands. In many countries, rape within marriage is not recognised as a violation or crime. The same applies to child abuse.

Another question was about high expectations. Women in high places suffer from an "imposter syndrome," a fear of being found out as inadequate. They should cultivate more self confidence and take the occasional failure in their stride.

A gentleman from Pakistan (he had talked to me earlier and introduced me to his daughter) got up in the audience and told the assembled company that you cannot lead people unless you love them (I liked hearing that) and that "women have a greater capacity for love." We had heard examples of good leadership and he wanted to know, what makes a good follower? This question was not really answered and nor was the Work-Life Balance question posed by someone else. Sally A. said with a shudder that she didn't want to talk about that. Shruti U. commented that, for a working woman, the most difficult negotiations of all are the negotiations one carries out with one's family.